joran van der sloot 2020 update

Van der Sloot began writing the book while attending business classes in Arnhem. Joran Van Der Sloot hit the headlines in connection with the disappearance of a teenager in Aruba. Figueroa reported to Dutch media in October 2014 that her husband had been stabbed by a fellow inmate, which Peruvian officials deny, and the media in Peru suggests this was a ploy on Figueroa's part to have van der Sloot transferred back to Piedras Gordas where conditions are much better. Aruba Police Department 2005 photograph of Joran. In college, he played both soccer and tennis. [91] Her jewelry, money, identification, and credit cards were missing, including about $1,000 her father had given her to purchase a laptop, and over $10,000 she had won earlier at the casino. With cameras from around the world pointed directly at him, forever capturing his words, he said, " Yes, I want to plead guilty. [87][97] His ex-girlfriend, Melody Granadillo, said that Van der Sloot sent her a text message asking for money to buy a ticket back to Aruba. Her parents have been making my life tough for five years." [10][105][106], Van der Sloot arrived at Lima police headquarters on 5June, where he was interrogated about the Flores murder while represented by attorney Luz Maria Romero Chinchay. [148] Unlike Aruba and the United States, Peru does not guarantee the right to a speedy trial. Authorities determined that this information was false, because the house had not yet been built at the time of Holloway's disappearance. The Peruvian association of translators and interpreters and the Dutch embassy both separately stated at the time that they had been unable to locate one to officially translate Spanish into Dutch. De gevangenisautoriteiten ontkenden alle beschuldigingen van Van der Sloot. [143] He also claimed that his laptop had been improperly searched. A police source stated that she might have found information linking him to the disappearance of Holloway. De overplaatsing was het gevolg van 'slecht gedrag' in de andere . Still, there was no news about the missing woman for years, and gradually, her family began fearing the worst. Delays around implementing new wealth tax already costing Dutch gov't 780 mil. Here's where Joran van der Sloot is today, and whether the prime suspect in the disappearance of Natalee Holloway will ever be brought to justice. [79][164] Van der Sloot reportedly receives fan mail from around the world, though mostly from women residing in the United States and the Netherlands. [129] The prosecution was seeking a sentence of 30years. Specify the key turning points when van der Sloot began his descent into deviant behavior. Getty Joran Van der Sloot in court for the murder of a woman in a Peruvian hotel. Anita Van der Sloot vertelt vanuit haar huis in Aruba over de . Since Stephany was the daughter of the businessman and former presidential candidate Ricardo Flores, the police tackled her case with extra caution and soon realized that the entire hotel was covered in CCTV cameras. In May 2005, an Alabama high school senior, Natalee Holloway, went missing during a class trip to Aruba. According to the synopsis of Saint X, the series explores the death of Alison Thomas (West Duchovny) while on vacation on the island of Saint X. . [24], On 26September 2005, Van der Sloot told the American television show A Current Affair that neither he nor the Kalpoe brothers had sex with Holloway, but he admitted that they initially agreed to lie to the authorities. Scroll below and check more details information about Current Net worth as well as Monthly/Year Salary, Expense, Income Reports! [168] Holloway and the crew were removed from the prison, reportedly after a hidden camera was discovered by the guards. [15] Navarro said that Van der Sloot was as "depressed" as anyone in prison would be. 2023 Cinemaholic Inc. All rights reserved. for only 11.00 9.35/page. [58] Van der Sloot described himself on his YouTube page as "a professional poker player" and cited Greenstein's 2005 poker strategy guide[59] as his favorite book. Though the prime suspect, Joran van der Sloot, has never been charged with Natalee's death, he is currently serving a 28-year sentence for another murder. She was seven months pregnant with his child at the time. [78] Aruba's Solicitor-General said they would not seek Van der Sloot's extradition to Aruba. On 14June, Peruvian authorities released written transcripts of Van der Sloot's alleged confession. [4] In January2007, Paulus found work as a managing partner at the law firm that represented him. He was eventually found out by prison officials. [159] The CBS affiliate near Holloway's hometown[b] named the criminal charges filed against Van der Sloot in 2010 among the top ten stories of the year. Van der Sloot had an additional 18 years added to his original sentence. On 30June, a federal grand jury formally indicted Van der Sloot of the two charges. According to Mos, the voice heard on the recording was not that of Paulus. However, Joran was never charged for his alleged involvement in the crime, and on January 12, 2012, Natalees family declared her legally dead. [9] He was registered as inmate326390 and separated from the general prison population, under 24hour guard, in a high-security cell block housing only one other inmate. He was ordered released on 26June after three days of questioning. Per Nola.com, Van der Sloot. Prison spokesperson Bruno Guzman said that Van der Sloot had been painting his cell "to improve his conditions" and the incident was being investigated. [10][74] She also suffered significant injuries to her face and showed signs of asphyxiation, according to court documents. [6] On 28September2014, Figueroa gave birth in Peru. In 2012 Stan Pluijmen (born 1989) joined this story. When the bar closed at 1:00am, Holloway was last seen leaving in a car with Van der Sloot and two brothers, 21-year-old Deepak Kalpoe and 18-year-old Satish Kalpoe. With cameras from around the world pointed directly at him, forever capturing his words, he said, " Yes, I want to plead guilty. "[41] Investigators did not comment on what prompted the new search, except that it was not related[42] to Van der Sloot's book. Uit de autopsie blijkt dat ze gestorven is op 30 mei en niet toevallig reist van der Sloot net op 31 mei naar Chili en was sindsdien spoorloos. In early 2010, he sold his restaurant business and returned to Aruba after the death of his father Paulus. Her brother's wife discovered Van der Sloot's background in a Google search about an hour before her body was found. [35] Later that month, while Van der Sloot and his father were in New York City for an interview with ABC's Primetime, they were served with a lawsuit filed by Natalee's parents, Beth and Dave Holloway, alleging personal injury;[36] the case was dismissed on jurisdictional grounds that August. Stan Pluijmen has told me this year, 2020, that he broke up with both Van den Broeke and Van der Sloot, which of course does not mean that no new things will be added. . [104] He was subsequently expelled and transported by Chilean police in a Cessna 310 back to Arica to be handed over to Peruvian authorities at the Chacalluta border crossing on 4June. On 5September 2005, he returned to the Netherlands to study international business management at the HAN University of Applied Sciences. [24], On 10November 2005, Paulus won an unjust detention action against the Aruban government, clearing him as a suspect and allowing him to retain his government contract. [12] Peru does not issue life sentences in standard cases of murder and has abolished capital punishment in all but exceptional circumstances, such as crimes committed under military law. Moeder Joran: Gelukkig doen andere zoons het goed. [84], An autopsy ruled that Flores did not have sexual intercourse before her death, and that she was not under the influence of enough alcohol to prevent her from resisting an attack. [61] Beth Holloway pursued Van der Sloot's parents in the media circus on Aruba which ensued after Natalee's disappearance. She stated that Paulus acknowledged that they could not control their son and had sent him to a psychiatrist. [160] Radio Netherlands Worldwide identified him as one of the most talked about Dutch people of the year. [65] On 10February 2010, he died of a heart attack at age57 while playing tennis in Aruba. Van der Sloot had fled to Chile, and authorities believed he intended to escape back to Aruba, but he was arrested and returned to Lima, where he was charged with first-degree murder and robbery. Laos stated that vander Sloot did not win any money that night. [173] Miguel Castro Castro prison warden, Alex Samam Pea, was suspended after video segments of the confrontation between Holloway's mother and Van der Sloot later began airing on the Dutch network SBS6. [26], On 9 June 2005, Van der Sloot and both Kalpoe brothers were arrested in regards to the disappearance of Natalee Holloway. Van Der Sloot is known for lying and attempting to extort people, he once contacted Natalee's mother saying he would sell her Natalee's remains. In this case, he clearly loved playing games with the authorities AND he had a chance to have the charge reduced to manslaughter. Haar lichaam wordt gevonden in een Peruaanse hotelkamer op naam van Joran van der Sloot. A prominent businessman and entertainment organizer, he ran for vice president in 2001 and for president five years later on fringe tickets. [73][74] In exchange, Van der Sloot told Kelly that his father buried Holloway's remains in the foundation of a house. Police stated that DNA tests would be conducted on the clothes, skin found under the victim's fingernails,[120][121] and the previously recovered tennis racquet. [75][76] The FBI and the office of the U.S. Attorney contended that the case had not yet been sufficiently developed. Bogota, Colombia, Joran van der Sloot . All Rights Reserved. [92], In December2010, Time magazine named Van der Sloot's arrest the most notable criminal event of the year,[18] ahead of the Belgian love triangle skydiving-murder case, the Chinese school attacks and the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping trial. The Best Places to Donate to Help Black Lives Matter Protestors. He stated that at the time he signed the confession documents, he did not understand the content as it was in Spanish. . Now, Natalee's mother, Beth Holloway, is returning to Aruba to further come to terms with how her daughter's case was handled. Joran van der Sloot slips away to Peru, kills woman in a hotel room: Part 7 Stephany Flores, a university student and daughter of a former presidential candidate, was beaten to death by van der Sloot in Lima, Peru, five years to the day after Natalee Holloway went missing. Van der Sloot confessed to the murder. Joran was never convicted of Holloway's murder, but he was sentenced to 28 years in prison after killing Stephany Flores Ramrez in Lima, Peru, five years to the day after Holloway disappeared.. [20] Van der Sloot and Smith have been referred to by local media as "the foreigners accused of the most talked-about assassinations in our country".[167]. [51], In November 2008, De Vries aired undercover footage of Van der Sloot making preparations for the apparent sex trafficking of Thai women in Bangkok. Aruban investigators expected to be able to interview Van der Sloot in Peru in August, after Peruvian authorities had completed their investigation. He has not been charged in Natalee's murder. [71] Beth Holloway was shocked that the FBI did not promptly file extortion charges against Van der Sloot, allowing him to leave freely with the money to Bogot on his way to Lima. While living in Aruba five years earlier, Van der Sloot was (and still is) the prime suspect in the disappearance of Natalee Holloway, an 18-year-old American who disappeared on the island on 30May 2005. He is also the prime suspect in the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in 2005. According to casino spokesperson Luis Laos, she also won $237 playing poker on 29May and it was common for people to know the identities of big winners. He is, however, scheduled for release in 2045 because of Peruvian law prohibiting prison sentences exceeding a maximum of 35 years when not sentenced to life. While it's not clear if the wedding had anything to do with van der Sloot's transfer, he tied the knot with Figueroa in July and was transferred to Challapalca in south Peru the next month. The question is why did he plead guilty? [8] On 4June, at the request of the U.S. Justice Department, Dutch authorities raided and confiscated items from two homes in the Netherlands, one of them belonging to reporter Jaap Amesz, who had previously interviewed Van der Sloot and claimed knowledge of his criminal activities. The court sentenced him to 18 years and four months in prison for this drug trafficking. His attorney father was in the process of becoming a judge on the island when Natalee. Extradition to the U.S. for extorting the Holloways would likely end in the maximum sentence since, without a body and sufficient evidence, it's possible he will never stand trial for Natalee's murder. [37], In April2007 Van der Sloot and a reporter published a book[38] describing the case. Christopher Gray Murder: Where Are Timothy Smith, Anthony Howe, and Amber Talbot Now. [71][72], On 10May, Van der Sloot allegedly accepted the sum of $15,000 by wire transfer to his account in the Netherlands, following a cash payment of $10,000 that was videotaped by undercover investigators in Aruba. 2 to 1 is a rejection, because 3votes are required for a decision, if a fourth judge voted in Van der Sloot's favor, a fifth judge would be required to break the tie. According to the police documents, Joran's pals fingered the slick skirt chaser in 18-year . [109] She suffered blunt-force trauma to her head, which caused a brain hemorrhage, cranial fracture, and broken neck. [94], After Flores' family reported her missing, police retrieved the HotelTAC surveillance tape and obtained Van der Sloot's name and national identification number. [141] At his first formal hearing within the on-site courtroom of Miguel Castro Castro prison on 21June,[140] Van der Sloot refused to discuss the case with Judge Carlos Morales Cordova,[142] claiming that his rights and due process were violated. [106], Navarro stated, on 21August 2010, that the case was stagnating because an official interpreter was unable to be found for the case in Peru. [107] He was held in a seventh-floor cell and permitted to contact his mother. Waar dumpte Joran van der Sloot het lijk van Natalee Holloway? Natalee Holloway has been missing and presumed dead for 10 years, and despite authorities and her family having no doubt about the identity of her killer, the case remains officially unsolved. A bloody tennis racquet recovered from the scene is believed to be the murder weapon, and several thousand dollars Flores won at a casino was missing. We will write a custom Essay on Joran Van der Sloot's Heterosexual Deviance Case specifically for you. [153] Van der Sloot's wife's claim of a stabbing is contested by Peruvian authorities. Dutchman Joran van der Sloot was the last person seen with Holloway and is considered the prime suspect in her disappearance. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. According to the court in Peru, Van der Sloot then sold the drugs to fellow prisoners, and sent the cocaine abroad in postal parcels. [152], During the trial, the prosecution prepared a psychological investigation of Van der Sloot, saying that he "presents traits of an antisocial personality" and is "indifferent toward others' well-being". [81], On 30May 2010 the fifth anniversary of Holloway's disappearance Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramrez, 21, died at the HotelTAC, in the Miraflores District of Lima. [10] On 7June 2010, he confessed to bludgeoning Flores. Update De moeder van Joran van der Sloot zal vrijdag niet aanwezig zijn in Lima om haar zoon bij te staan tijdens de rechtszaak. He's been the primary suspect in the Holloway case for years and has led the authorities on a merry chase. After spending more than six hours on two occasions trying to get Joran van der Sloot to divulge the location in Aruba of Natalee Holloway's remains, an attorney for Holloway's mother said he . On 4July2014, Van der Sloot married a Peruvian woman named Leidy Figueroa, whom he met while she was selling goods inside the prison. [29], After his release, Van der Sloot was required to stay within Dutch territory pending the results of the investigation. Although they had a plane to catch the following morning, the group of friends went barhopping and even visited a local nightclub. [24] Van der Sloot's mother said he had a problem with lying and had a tendency to sneak out of the house at night to go to casinos. Joran van der Sloot even got married in prison in 2014, four years after being convicted of murdering the Peruvian girl. Navarro said that the situation was "staged" and asked the National Penitentiary Institute to investigate how it was leaked. Staff at the Atlantic City Casino mentioned that they had to break into the room as the occupant was unresponsive, and upon forcing their way inside, they found Stephanys lifeless body on the bed. In 2010, Beth Holloway's lawyer said that van der Sloot, using a false name, asked him for thousands. . [134] Guardia stated that the interrogation was limited to their case in Peru, which he considered "practically closed", and that questions about Holloway's disappearance were avoided. A spokesman for the prosecutor's office, Vivian van der Biezen, stated: "The investigation has never stopped and the Dutch authorities are completely reviewing the case for new indications." Distractify is a registered trademark. Joran was never charged with the crime (let alone convicted) due to a lack of evidence and a pretty sorry police investigation. Saint X, a new series based on the 2020 Alexis Schaitkin novel by the same name, . Video Joran van der Sloot gets married while in prison: Part 10 - ABC News SCOTUS ethics code Deadly Russian strikes Tick season Met Gala preview Pentagon leak suspect Joran van der Sloot gets married while in prison: Part 10 While serving his 28 year sentence, van der Sloot met a woman who was visiting someone else. The sentence was equal to what the prosecution demanded against him. Figueroa gave birth to their daughter, Dushy, in September 2014. Vander Sloot had not registered for the Latin American Poker Tour. Van der Sloot was portrayed by actor Jacques Strydom in the Lifetime television film Natalee Holloway (2009),[54] which was based on Beth Holloway's book. While Stephany Flores Ramirez was murdered on May 30, 2010, Joran soon realized how risky it was for him to remain in Peru, and he immediately fled to Chile in order to lay low for a while. However, law enforcement officials followed him all the way to Chile, and within a week, he was arrested and extradited to Peru. Van der Sloot was convicted in the 2010 slaying of 21-year-old Stephany Flores, who was found beaten to death in a hotel in Lima exactly five years to the day after Holloway disappeared. [21], Joran van der Sloot was born in Arnhem in the Netherlands as one of three sons to Paulus van der Sloot (19522010), a lawyer, and Anita van der Sloot-Hugen, an art teacher. [111], Surveillance video from the Atlantic City Casino recorded Flores winning $10,000 at a baccarat table area on 25May 2010, while accompanied by a male friend who was not vander Sloot. Hence, with nowhere else to go, Natalees friends turned to the authorities and asked for their help. The coverage of this controversy highlighted cases of other women dying at the hands of foreigners. On 11September 2010, Beth Holloway and deVries traveled to Peru with a Dutch television crew to visit the prison. 5 Joran van der Sloot remains the prime suspect, but no one has been charged with Natalee's murder at this time Credit: AFP But after nearly two decades, investigators are still hunting for more information Law enforcement in the USA continues to appeal for information about the mysterious cold case ", "Police: Vander Sloot confesses to Peru killing", "Vander Sloot files complaint against police", "Joran vander Sloot charged with murder in Peru; allegedly lied about drug use", "Vander Sloot alleged victim was on amphetamines", "Vander Sloot charged with murder in Peru", "Police: DNA found under victim's fingernails", "Police find DNA under Stephany Flores' fingernails, says report", "Stephany Flores fought her attacker before dying, dad says, Joran vander Sloot in custody in Peru", "PNP entreg al FBI copia del disco duro de laptop de vander Sloot", "Van der Sloot went on gambling after murder", "Holloway suspect planned escape to Chile", "Did vander Sloot Google escape routes? [161], Van der Sloot's cell became the target of a media circus, with reporters vying to gain exclusive access and report about his prison surroundings. [65][63], On 24November 2008, Fox News' On the Record aired an interview with Joran van der Sloot in which he said that he sold Holloway into sexual slavery, receiving money both when Holloway was taken and later on to keep quiet. His Peruvian wife is also present during this conversation. Incidentally, eye-witnesses who had seen Natalee minutes before she went missing, as well as CCTV camera footage, confirmed that the high school graduate was last seen in the company of Joran Van Der Sloot. The chief suspect in the case is Joran van der Sloot. [57] The film was followed by a sequel, Justice for Natalee Holloway (2011), in which Van der Sloot was played by actor Stephen Amell. It was this lifestyle that introduced him to the world of crime and helped him develop a lying habit that assisted his wrongdoings. [125] According to a police dossier,[126] the laptop was later used to search Google for the subjects: "Relationship between the Peruvian and Chilean police", "Chilean border pass", "buses in Chile", and "countries that do not extradite in Latin America". [144] Van der Sloot's defense counsel filed a motion of habeas corpus disputing the legality of his detention, and to nullify statements he gave to police,[145] but the motion was declared "unfounded" by Superior Court Judge Wilder Casique Alvizuri on 25June. [116] Guardia said that the motive for the crime was robbery. However, Holloway also stated in interviews about the encounter, According to Navarro, Holloway was "snuck" into the prison without identifying to the Dutch TV crew who she was. In the wee hours of May 30, 2005, 18-year-old Natalee Holloway was seen getting into a car with 17-year-old Joran van der Sloot and two of his friends, a pair of brothers named Deepak and Satish Kalpoe (21 and 18 years . A former suspect in the case, Joran van der Sloot, is currently serving a 28-year sentence for the murder of Stephany Flores in Peru. [2] Peruvian Minister of Justice Aurelio Pastor later said that Thailand was pursuing criminal charges against Van der Sloot. Op zondagavond 29 mei 2005 rond 21.30 uur ontmoet Natalee Joran van der Sloot, een vaste gast aan de pokertafel van het Excelsior casino. After failing to revive her, Van der Sloot said that he summoned a friend named Daury. [38], On 21November 2007, Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were re-arrested in Arnhem and Aruba for "suspicion of involvement in voluntary manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Natalee Holloway" because of what the Aruba prosecutor's office stated was "new incriminating evidence" related to Holloway's disappearance. [115] Flores tested positive for the presence of amphetamines. The Dutch man, who was already serving a 28-year-long prison sentence for the murder of Stephany Flores, will be in prison until 2045 because a prison term in Peru cannot exceed 35 years, De Telegraaf reports. Parents of Missing Teen. [84] He had departed from the hotel without returning the room key and left the television running. Read More: Christopher Gray Murder: Where Are Timothy Smith, Anthony Howe, and Amber Talbot Now? [176], In February2021, Van der Sloot was convicted of drug trafficking while serving his sentence in Challapalca Prison in Juliaca. A native of the city of Arnhem in The Netherlands, Joran had a normal childhood and was even brilliant in studies as the International School of Aruba accepted him as an honors student. "[13] Van der Sloot said that he was lured to Peru and framed by another gambler, named Elton Garcia, who he claimed was working undercover for the FBI. Van der Sloot later retracted the statements made in the interview. [31] Paulus van der Sloot then brought a second action, seeking monetary damages for himself and his family because of his false arrest. The university student had been beaten to death and her time of death was determined to be May 30 the five year anniversary of Natalee's disappearance and presumed homicide. [3][31][32] Gerold G. Dompig, former deputy commissioner of the Aruba Police Force,[33] stated that the initial arrests were made prematurely under pressure from Holloway's family. Van Der Sloot has since been arrested for killing Stephany Flores in a Peru hotel room the same situation as Natalee on the anniversary of her disappearance, But was not charged for Natalee's murder. The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf reported that the "father's" voice is almost certainly that of Joran, trying to speak in a lower tone. Misdaadjournalist Hendrik Jan Korterink was voor Nieuwe Revu op de Antillen, en kreeg steeds hetzelfde antwoord. De Vries claimed that Van der Sloot was making $13,000 for every woman sold into prostitution in the Netherlands. [72], On 3June 2010, the U.S. District Court of Northern Alabama charged Van der Sloot with extortion and wire fraud. The celebrity is married to Leydi Figueroa, his starsign is Leo and he is now 35 years of age. [144] Navarro vowed to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Peru and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights with a legal strategy to "paralyze the process". Van der Sloot - who is currently in prison in Peru serving a 28-year sentence for the 2010 murder of 21-year-old business student Stephany Flores Ramrez - has long been a suspect in. Joran was indicted on first-degree murder and robbery charges in Lima Superior Court on June 11. Photo by THE ASSOCIATED PRESS The woman who killed Joran van der Sloot's buddy. He initially proclaimed his innocence. A fellow prisoners relative allegedly helped him smuggle the drugs. [90], Ricardo Flores said that police found date rape drugs in his daughter's car, parked about 50 blocks from the hotel where she died. "[39], On 27April 2007, a new search involving some 20 investigators was launched at Van der Sloot's parents' home in Aruba. The indictment filed with the U.S. District Court seeks the forfeiture of the $25,100 that had been paid to Van der Sloot. The film shows Van der Sloot, in Dutch, laughing over how he never told the truth about the whole event and that he did in fact kill Holloway. Na een internationaal opsporingsbevel wordt hij aangehouden in Vina . Copyright 2023 Distractify. U.S. Attorney Joyce White Vance issued an arrest warrant through Interpol to have him prosecuted in the United States. Since 2012, Joren van der Sloot has been in prison serving a 28-year sentence for the murder of 21-year-old Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramrez, whose body was found in van der Sloot's hotel room on June 2, 2010. The judge upheld all three depositions given by Van der Sloot to police and stated that the defendant's laptop was sealed by the court. As you know, the Alabama teenager vanished on May 30th, 2005 while in Aruba on a high school trip. [147] Chinchay rejected the claims against her, stating that Van der Sloot had selected her as a private attorney after declining another defense attorney, appointed by the state. [7] He was convicted and sentenced to 28years' imprisonment for the murder on 13January and he must pay $75,000 to the Flores family. I wanted from the first moment to confess sincerely," he told the court. [a] Peruvian statutes permit a suspect to be detained for up to 18months for interrogation, though Navarro expressed skepticism that law enforcement officers would do so with his client. The heartbreaking story will be covered on the Nov. 22 episode of ABC's 20 / 20. Besides, Joran was also pretty interested in sports and often competed in tennis tournaments alongside his father. [5] In January 2023, an additional 18 years were added to his sentence for trafficking cocaine while in prison.[16]. November 23, 2019 Examined What's next for Russia? Besides, reports state that while staying behind bars, Joran married a prison worker, and the two presently share a child together. Officially, Holloway's disappearance has never been solved, though an American journalist claimed last May she uncovered new information connected to the case, which she had yet to reveal eight months later. [50] Under pressure of the attention from the program, Van der Sloot voluntarily checked into a psychiatric clinic before departing for Thailand.

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