endophytic squamous proliferation

Histopathologic examination confirms an exophytic papillomatous lesion. The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). DEVIL is a rare form of squamous proliferation characterized by prevalent PIK3CA and HRAS mutations. Oral Dis. There are occasional dyskeratotic cells, while koilocytes are absent (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 400 [B]). There is marked papillomatosis with usually mild hyperkeratosis (Figure 2, A). Lester D. R. Thompson. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. PubMed J Am Dent Assoc. The large tumor mass compresses but does not infiltrate normal structures. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. 2006;8(2):6770. Insufficient crosstalk between genitourinary, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and general surgical pathologists and dermatopathologists further contributes to the practice gap in this area. [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. This is a small series. B RSA, Hegde NP, et al. Lichenoid characteristics in premalignant verrucous lesions and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. 2008 Aug;33(5):625-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02785.x. [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. Part of Springer Nature. Oral Oncol. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. A few koilocytes are present in the granular layer (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Mod Pathol. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. Pathol Res Pract. In contrast, basaloid HSIL is characterized by a flat surface and minimal maturation from the basal layer to the granular layer. [30], One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. Before Microscopically, the squamous papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, lined by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium with overlying hyperkeratosis (Figure 5, A). Figure 4Warty and warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma. The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. In a series of 108 cases, it was concluded that a background of maturing keratinocytes and sparing of the follicular epithelium could distinguish bowenoid papulosis from basaloid HSIL.53 Another morphometric analysis showed significantly larger and more irregular nuclei in basaloid HSIL compared to bowenoid papulosis.64 In practice, however, the histopathologic differences are often subtle, and definitive diagnosis relies heavily on stringent clinical correlation: Presence of multiple small pigmented papules in a young adult, as opposed to a solitary, slowly progressive plaque or erythematous patch in an older patient, would support a diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis over basaloid HSIL.53,60, High-risk HPV in bowenoid papulosis can be detected by in situ hybridization or PCR-DNA sequencing.6567 Expression of both p16 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immunohistochemistry is associated with high-risk HPV infection and has been demonstrated in bowenoid papulosis.67 Diffuse p16 expression is especially helpful in differentiating occasional cases of bowenoid papulosis with more orderly maturation, subtle cytologic atypia, and koilocyte-like cells from condyloma acuminatum (Figure 6, B).18. 2019;215(12):152670. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. D, There is strong and diffuse p16 immunostaining within the lesion (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A], 200 [B], 40 [C], and 200 [C, inset]; original magnification 100 [D]). Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). Thompson, L.D.R., Fitzpatrick, S.G., Mller, S. et al. [28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. To facilitate unified nomenclature across subspecialties, the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) work group has recommended a 2-tier system for all HPV-associated noninvasive squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).43 It is optional to further classify LSIL and HSIL as -IN 1 and -IN 2 or 3, respectively, according to the specific sites.43 Although HSIL is synonymous with SCC in situ and Bowen disease, the latter terminologies are best avoided in pathology reporting for the purpose of consistency. Indian J Dent Res. 2017;30(s1):S5467. 2016;20(2):2618. van der Meij EH, Reibel J, Slootweg PJ, et al. Some endophytes may enhance host growth, nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. [31], Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels. 2009 Aug;26(3):150-63. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2009.09.003. CAS The rest of the keratinocytes lack cytologic atypia and mature orderly toward the surface. C, A defining feature is the presence of xanthomatous (foam) cells in the dermal papillae (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A], 200 [B], and 400 [C]). Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue Woodland Hills, CA, 91364, Woodland Hills, USA, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA, Sarah G. Fitzpatrick,Indraneel Bhattacharyya,Mohammed N. Islam&Donald M. Cohen, Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA, Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA, Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centro Clnico de Cabeza y Cuello, Patologa Divisin, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Pathology, MUSC Health-University Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA, Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, You can also search for this author in Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. Natarajan E, Woo SB. A, The papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, covered by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. [31], There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Similar lesions frequently harbor human papillomavirus and should at least raise suspicion for a seborrheic keratosis-like condyloma acuminatum. A lymphocytic band is present at the tumor base. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 2018;24(5):74960. The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. The site is secure. A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. [62], A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus Taxomyces andreanae isolated from the pacific yew Taxus brevifolia. J Int Acad Periodontol. National Library of Medicine 2020;14(1):15665. 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Cornejo, MD, Lloyd Hutchinson, PhD, Patrick O'Donnell, DO, Xiuling Meng, MD, Keith Tomaszewicz, BS, MT(ASCP), Sara C. Shalin, MD, PhD, David S. Cassarino, MD, May P. Chan, MD, Timothy R. Quinn, MD, Paul B. Googe, MD, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, MD, Ridhi Sood, MBBS, MD, Debajyoti Chatterjee, MBBS, MD, DM, Pinaki Dutta, MBBS, MD, DM, Bishan Dass Radotra, MBBS, MD, MAMS, PhD, Gurpal Bisra, MMOR, MSc, BASc, Brigette Rabel, MLT, Nick van der Westhuizen, MB, FRCPC, Jing Wang, MD, PhD, Yan Peng, MD, PhD, Hongxia Sun, MD, PhD, Phyu P. Aung, MD, PhD, Erika Resetkova, MD, PhD, Clinton Yam, MD, MS, Aysegul A. Sahin, MD, Lei Huo, MD, PhD, Qingqing Ding, MD, PhD, Abha Goyal, MD, Christine N. Booth, MD, Rhona J. Souers, MS, Sana O. Tabbara, MD, Janie Roberson, SCT(ASCP), Michael R. Henry, MD, Kaitlin E. Sundling, MD, PhD, Kelly Goodrich, CT(ASCP), Lananh Nguyen, MD, Mohammed Amer Swid, MD, Liping Li, MD, Erin M. Drahnak, BS, Hayden Idom, BS, William Quinones, MD, Jianhong Li, MD, Myra L. Wilkerson, MD, Fang-Ming Deng, MD, Haiyan Liu, MD, Adesola A. Akinyemi, MD, MPH, Ansa Mehreen, MD, Kathy A. Mangold, PhD, MaryAnn Regner, MS, John M. Lee, MD, PhD, Linda M. Ernst, MD, MHS, Si Chen, MMed, Zhigang Mao, MMed, Shuang Wang, MMed, Jiamin Deng, MMed, Hongyan Liao, PhD, Qin Zheng, PhD, Monica Sanchez-Avila, MD, Khalid Amin, MD, Aastha Chauhan, MD, Zhuo Geng, MD, Shawn Mallery, MD, Dale C. Snover, MD, This site uses cookies. [69] Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants. PubMed and transmitted securely. [23], However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Head Neck. Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Oral Oncol. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. Subject: Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). This neoplasm typically 2007;138(5):64151. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). Biopsy of a lesion in the right proximal pretibial region demonstrated an atypical endophytic squamous proliferation, consistent with SCC. This is a bulky squamous proliferation, three to four times the thickness of the epithelium for the site, that is endophytic and/or exophytic in its growth pattern Accessibility Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (oral lichen simplex chronicus): a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Conspicuous fibrovascular cores and an infiltrative, rather than broad pushing, tumor base further distinguish papillary SCC from verrucous carcinoma. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. Learn More Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath? When verrucous carcinoma forms in your mouth, healthcare providers manage the condition as an oral cancer. A, This lesion shows flat acanthosis with full-thickness basaloid atypia. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region' and will not need an account to access the content. Oral epithelial dysplasia and premalignancy. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Keratoacanthoma: hyperplasia, benign neoplasm, or a type of squamous cell carcinoma? Note the convergence of elongated rete ridges at the base. Google Scholar. [3], Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Mignogna MD, Fortuna G, Leuci S, et al. Bowenoid papulosis is another HPV-associated disease affecting the squamous epithelium. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. 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Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. However, in contrast with condyloma acuminatum, which is typically caused by HPV types 6 and 11, VV is most commonly induced by HPV 2, followed by HPV 1, 4, 65, 27, and others.68,69 Distinction of VV and condyloma acuminatum has important clinical implication especially in the pediatric population, as condyloma acuminatum would raise suspicion for sexual abuse, whereas VV is nonsexually transmitted. Clin Exp Dermatol. Almazyad A, Li CC, Woo SB. Correspondence to Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). Keratinocytes in the spinous layer are markedly enlarged with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia (Figure 3, B).25,28 Scattered dyskeratotic cells are common.24 An important diagnostic criterion is the absence of koilocytes, which distinguishes it from giant condyloma acuminatum. The basaloid tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses at all levels of the epithelium (inset). Clinically, warty and warty-basaloid HSIL and invasive SCC may mimic condyloma acuminatum when discrete papillomatous papules or plaques are present.44, On histopathology, warty HSIL and SCC mimic condyloma acuminatum by their verruciform architecture, conspicuous fibrovascular cores, and koilocytosis (Figure 4, A). J Clin Diagn Res. 2012 May;103(4):308-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.09.004. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. As mentioned above, controversy exists regarding the relationship between verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum. 2017;83(5):58593. Head and Neck Pathol 15, 572587 (2021). Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become pathogenic to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions. We sequenced TP53 in 30 SCCs from 6 women who had multiple SCCs on their legs during a 21-month time frame. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Fibrovascular cores are thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. [19], There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. C, An anogenital seborrheic keratosis with an undulating base and numerous pseudohorn cysts without evidence of koilocytosis. Web18.2 Endophytic Fungal Diversity. 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. 1997;84(2):1547. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. There was less than moderate agreement (kappa<0.60) for lesions in the Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive category. [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. Would you like email updates of new search results? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1995;24(5):198200. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. This growth pattern indicates that fungal hyphae are substantially attached to the plant host's cell wall, but do not invade plant cells. Surgery. 2015;119(6):67583. The histopathologic features of epidermolytic acanthoma frequently raise suspicion for condyloma acuminatum or VV to the untrained eye. 2014;36(11):16628. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. The clinical and pathologic features of all discussed entities are summarized in the Table. Am J Dermatopathol. [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. This cancer is classified into three subtypes (superficial, exophytic, and endophytic) based on macroscopic appearance. Results: Head Neck Pathol. Summary of the Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Condyloma Acuminatum and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, The incidence of condyloma acuminatum (genital wart) is highest among young adults,1 but has declined since the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.24 The lesions typically arise in the genitalia, anus, and the surrounding area (pubis, groin, and medial thigh). [2] In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. chelsea reservations admin,

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